Batesian Mimicry Definition and Examples

Most insects are quite vulnerable to predation. If you cant overpower your enemy, you can try to outsmart him, and thats just what Batesian mimics do to stay alive. What Is Batesian Mimicry? In Batesian mimicry in insects, an edible insect looks similar to an aposematic, inedible insect. The inedible insect is called the model, and the lookalike species is called the mimic. Hungry predators that have tried to eat the unpalatable model species learn to associate its colors and markings with an unpleasant dining experience. The predator will generally avoid wasting time and energy catching such a noxious meal again. Because the mimic resembles the model, it benefits from the predators bad experience. Successful Batesian mimicry communities depend on an imbalance of unpalatable versus edible species. The mimics must be limited in number, while the models tend to be common and abundant. For such a defensive strategy to work for the mimic, there must be a high probability that the predator in the equation will first attempt to eat the inedible model species. Having learned to avoid such foul-tasting meals, the predator will leave both the models and mimics alone. When tasty mimics become abundant, predators take longer to develop an association between the bright colors and the indigestible meal. Examples of Batesian Mimicry Numerous examples of Batesian mimicry in insects are known. Many insects mimic bees, including certain flies, beetles, and even moths. Few predators will take the chance of getting stung by a bee, and most will avoid eating anything that looks like a bee. Birds avoid the unpalatable monarch butterfly, which accumulates toxic steroids called cardenolides in its body from feeding on milkweed plants as a caterpillar. The viceroy butterfly bears similar colors as the monarch, so birds steer clear of viceroys, too. While monarchs and viceroys have long been used as a classic example of Batesian mimicry, some entomologists now argue this is really a case of MÃ ¼llerian mimicry. Henry Bates and His Theory on Mimicry Henry Bates first proposed this theory on mimicry in 1861, building on Charles Darwins views on evolution. Bates, a naturalist, collected butterflies in the Amazon and observed their behavior. As he organized his collection of tropical butterflies, he noticed a pattern. Bates observed that the slowest flying butterflies tended to be those with bright colors, but most predators seemed uninterested in such easy prey. When he grouped his butterfly collection according to their colors and markings, he found most specimens with similar coloration were common, related species. But Bates also identified some rare species from distant families that shared the same color patterns. Why would a rare butterfly share the physical traits of these more common, but unrelated, species? Bates hypothesized that the slow, colorful butterflies must be unpalatable to predators; otherwise, theyd all be eaten rather quickly! He suspected the rare butterflies gained protection from predators by resembling their more common but foul-tasting cousins. A predator that made the mistake of sampling a noxious butterfly would learn to avoid similar-looking individuals in the future. Using Darwins theory of natural selection as a reference, Bates recognized evolution was at play in these mimicry communities. The predator selectively chose prey which least resembled the unpalatable species. Over time, the more precise mimics survived, while the less exact mimics were consumed. The form of mimicry described by Henry Bates now bears his name –Â  Batesian mimicry. Another form of mimicry, in which entire communities of species resemble one another, is called Mullerian mimicry after German naturalist Fritz MÃ ¼ller.

Analysis Of The Bay Of Pigs Invasion - 2708 Words

Critical Reasoning/Thinking is defined as the mental process of analyzing or evaluating information. To reason is the capacity for rational thought, or to think logically (http://www.essentiallifeskills.net/). The Butterfly effect is the sensitive dependence on initial conditions in which a small change in one state of a deterministic nonlinear system can result in large differences in a later state (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfly_effect). This paper will attempt to analysis the Bay of Pigs invasion that occurred 17 April 1961, to use the Butterfly effect and to introduce Intelligence Platforms not utilized before and during the invasion, to suggest a alternate outcome to the invasion if these factors were applied properly or if other events never happened. The Bay of Pigs resulted in the failure to remove Fidel Castro from Power. If the CIA used Human Intelligence properly and if the U-2 Spy Plane program was not revealed to the World, the invasion may have been successful. If these 2 Intelligence platforms were utilized properly, the Bay of Pigs forces would have removed Fidel Castro from power. By removing him from power, Cuba would once again hold free Democratic elections and be a free and independent nation, not a communist nation or a strong Alley of Communist Soviet Union. Therefore U.S and Russia would not bring the world to the brink of war, nor would the U.S sever all trade and diplomatic relations with Cuba. On AprilShow MoreRelatedThe Bay Of Pigs And The Cuban Missile Crisis1516 Words   |  7 PagesThe Bay of Pigs invasion has come to be known as the perfect failure in American history. The invasion only lasted two days but the effects of the invasion lasted for decades. One of the most significant consequences of the Bay of Pigs was the thirteen day standoff between the Soviet Union and the United States over the installation of nuclear armed Soviet missiles on Cuba a year after the Bay of Pigs. The standoff, known as the Cuban Missile Crisis, is the closest the world has come to nuclearRead MoreJohn F. Kennedy s Decision Making Process1186 Words   |  5 Pagesto which John F. Kennedy’s decision-making process changed from the Bay of Pigs Invasion to the Cuban Missile crisis during his presidency. I chose the Bay of Pigs Invasion an d the Cuban Missile Crisis because the first is an event in John. F. Kennedy’s presidency before he gained experience from this job and the latter is an event from after he was acquainted with the presidential role. This span of time allows for the analysis of how a president changed throughout his presidency in terms of theirRead MoreLessons Learned Through History Are The Foundation For Not Repeating Previous Mistakes1447 Words   |  6 Pagesill-fated Bay of Pigs Invasion on 15 April 1961 and the second and third order effects that inevitably lead to the Cuban Missile Crisis a year later. The Bay of Pigs Operation placed Cuban Exiles known as the 2506 Brigade, backed and trained by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), against Cuban President Fidel Castro’s armed forces on the island nation of Cuba. The 2506 Brigade Cuban Exile Forces (CEF) conducted a night amphibious landing on the south side of the island in the Bay of Pigs area inRead MoreBay of Pigs and Realism1563 Words   |  7 PagesA Perfect Disaster: The Bay of Pigs Invasion and Realism D-Day, April 17, 1960; Brigade 2506 lands in the Bay of Pigs, a small beach in southern Cuba. Backed by former president Dwight Eisenhower, endorsed by current president John F. Kennedy, and masterminded by the Central Intelligence Agency, the plan to overthrow Fidel Castro, Prime Minister of Cuba, had been months in the making (Dunne 1). By the summer of 1959, as former Cuban leader Fulgencio Batista was overtaken by Castro, charges of communistRead MoreIntelligence Failure1042 Words   |  5 Pagesworst intelligence failure is a chain of errors that could convert a fiasco to a global crisis. The detailed analysis will be illustrated in the following cases. A: The Bay of Pigs In 1961, The Bay of Pigs project, CIA sponsored Cuban exiles to topple the administration of Cuban leader Fidel Castro. After finish the training in Guatemala, the exile army begin their invasion at the Bay of Pigs. As we already know, the outcome was unsuccessful because the exiles were defeated within three days andRead MoreJfk And Khrushchev s Impact On The World War II1293 Words   |  6 PagesCrisis. The most realistic incident that Kennedy did was the fake invasion on Ortsac, (Castro spelled backward), even though it was all fictitious Castro received the message loud and clear. This took some very well thought out plans. This is another reason why I think that Kennedy was a good president. Who else could have thought of something this good? All of the things that Kennedy has done prove my individual level of analysis. During this whole crisis, Kennedy stayed calm, he kept talking aboutRead MorePolitics and the History of Cuba773 Words   |  3 Pagesbrought John F. Kennedy to the office, and he listened to the CIAs invasion plan, which was based on the idea that as soon as the U.S. invaded the island, enough popular support would emerge that Castro and his party would be removed. At the last moment, though, Kennedy decided not to supply air assistance for the invaders and on April 17, 1961 1400 counterrevolutionaries led the CIA landed on the southern coast, the Bay of Pigs. Due to lack of air support, Castros army easily captured or killedRead MoreThe Cuban Missile Crisis1217 Words   |  5 PagesArchives, 2010). The threat was taken seriously. Kennedy did not think too deeply about how Castro might respond, even in the wake of the Bay of Pigs invasion. To act out of fear of Castros wrath would have meant pandering to the Soviets, because Nikita Khrushchev presented the scheme as a means of protecting Cuba from another United States-sponsored invasion. Khrushchev understood brilliantly the art of maskirovka. The CIA admits, Russian military texts indicate that maskirovka is treated asRead More Cuba in the Cold War Essay1821 Words   |  8 Pages17, 1961 one of the greatest foreign policy mistakes of the Cold War was made, the attempted invasion of the Bay of Pigs, Cuba. The failed invasion happened under the administration of John F. Kennedy and caused the deaths and imprisonment of over 1500 Cuban exiles fighting to over throw the rule of Fidel Castro. The aftermath caused much larger impacts towards United States foreign policy. The invasion made the United States look imperialistic to the rest of the world and allowed t he Soviet UnionRead MoreBattle Of The Bay Of Pigs1970 Words   |  8 PagesBattle of the Bay of Pigs The purpose of this paper is to provide battle analysis and highlight the events before, during, and after the Bay of Pigs battle, as well as elaborate on the significance it held on American-Soviet relationships. The battle was not successful due to several intelligence failures and biases during the planning phase. If proper intelligence preparation of the battlefield were utilized, the outcome would have been in favor of the United States (US), with the alternate outcome

Is The Uk Planning System Sustainable Environmental Sciences Essay Free Essays

The United Kingdom ( UK ) planning system operates on three grades, national, regional and local planning governments ( Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, 2005 ) . The Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004 ( PCPA ) was brought into English jurisprudence to rush up the proceedings in the planning system and to do the planning determinations of major developments more â€Å" predictable † as is defined by the explanatory notes to the 2004 Act. The UK planning system operates within the remits of â€Å" sustainable development † , this focuses on three facets societal, economic and environmental. We will write a custom essay sample on Is The Uk Planning System Sustainable Environmental Sciences Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now This three prong standards adopted for an already complicated planning system has lead to unfavorable judgments of lucidity, intent and for decelerating down proceedings. In order to objectively measure Bell and McGillvray ‘s statement, â€Å" Section39 of the planning and mandatory purchase act requires all program doing organic structures to exert their maps ‘with the aim of lending to the accomplishment of sustainable development † . Planing Policy Statement 6 ( PPS 6 ) , Planing for Town Centres, and Planing Policy Statement 9 ( PPS 9 ) , Biodiversity and Geological Conservation, are of critical relevancy to how and whom planning policy statute law is relevant to and as such are reviewed in respects to sustainable development. Sustainable development was the term coined and adopted by authoritiess, be aftering governments and non-government administrations for the development of planning policy and statute law, it â€Å" is the nucleus rule underpinning be aftering â€Å" ( PPS 6, 2003 ) . However there is still troubles in holding an internationally recognized definition, the most widely accepted definition is the publication of the United Nations ( UN ) World Commission on Environments Our Common hereafter ; â€Å" run intoing the demands of the present without compromising the ability of future coevalss to develop. † The subject is to protect the environment from debasement and to advance economic and societal verve. The committedness to the betterment of societal, economic and physical environments is quickly being endorsed by authoritiess around the universe, nevertheless trouble is common in fulfilling all three countries on new developments. In many instances determinations can be argued to hold been inattentive of environmental impacts in favor of economic benefits, alternately it can be argued that environmental sensitiveness has needlessly denied or inflated costs of new developments. The Newbury beltway has been constructed ( Insert snail instance survey ) Planing Policy Statement 6 PPS 6 was issued by the office of the Deputy premier minster in December 2003, it replaced Planing Policy Guidance note 6 and â€Å" has a cardinal function in easing and advancing sustainable and inclusive development † ( PPS 6, 2003 ) . PPS 6 is responsible for the development in town Centres and its primary focal point is on the regeneration and care of verve in town Centres and high streets. Friends of the Earth have critiscised PPS 6 saying it is responsible for â€Å" failure to supply clear counsel to local governments on the demand to keep big format shops † in their 2004 Consultation response Draft Planning Policy Statement Six: Planning for Town Centres. Conflicts in the planning procedure are determined by the consensus on what is more sustainable, but what if there is dissension on what is more sustainable. Subsection 2.6 of PPS 6 provinces â€Å" Larger shops may present benefits for consumers and local planning governments should do proviso for them in th is context † promoting border of town Centre vicinities for such developments. Where as it has besides been argued that larger shops can in fact be damaging to the diverseness and verve of a community, due to larger shops exporting all economic benefits out of their unmoved locations ( Friends of the Earth 2004 ) . This would connote a contradiction between PPS 6 and portion 1 of the 2004 PCPA. Another drawback to PPS 6 is its focal point on economic betterment through sustainable planning. Environmental debasement can non comprehensively be measured in fiscal graduated tables, and as such should non trust on pecuniary compensation as an effectual replacement in a sustainable policy. Planing Policy Statement 9 PPS 9 is responsible for the protection of biodiversity and geological preservation, nevertheless it is capable to controversy as to its precedence in planning policy. Made up of merely 14 paragraphs PPS 9 is the shortest planning policy statement, it has been critisizced as insufficient and equivocal in its capacity to supply clear way for be aftering organic structures ( Wildlife A ; Countryside Link 2004 ) . The authoritiess aims under PPS 9 are i ) to advance sustainable development two ) to conserve, enhance and reconstruct the diverseness of England ‘s wildlife and geology three ) to lend to rural reclamation and urban Renaissance ( PPS 9 2005 Page 2 ) . The committedness to the preservation of biodiversity is stated as one of the three chief aims of PPS 9, yet the the statement focuses on steps of conserving biodiversity in footings of protection of from debasement or injury. Wildlife A ; countryside nexus responded to PPS 9 in 2004 saying that it † contains smal l to promote positive planning for biodiversity Restoration and enhancement e.g. habitat creative activity chances † . PPS 9 fails to recognize and show the signifigance of the rate and impact of biodiversity loss at a planetary graduated table and the critical function of be aftering governments and the structuring of regional spacial schemes in footings of these contexts ( Friends of the Earth, 2004 Page 2 ) . A terrible nothingness of consistent information on clime alteration and its impact on biodiversity, one refrence to climate alteration can be found ; â€Å" Over clip the distribution of home grounds and species, and structural procedures and characteristics, will be affected by clime alteration and such alteration will necessitate to be taken into history. † ( Planing Policy Statement 9, 2005. Page 4 ) If biodiversity is to be conserved so a comprehensive model should be provided by authorities on the impacts and suggest agencies for local planning governments to cover with the impacts of clime alteration Wildlife A ; Countryside Link 2004 ) . Pargraph 10 of PPS 9 refers to the importance of biodiversity in ancient forests and emphasises that â€Å" one time lost it can non be recreated † , as such can non be capable to extenuation steps such as translocation as in the instance of the Desmoulin Whorl snail,1. Advancement for developments that would function to increase the loss of biodiversity is made possible by the get out clause â€Å" unless the demand for, and benefits of, the development in that location outweigh the loss of the forest home ground † ( PPS 9, 2005. Pg 6 ) . This caveate can be seen to promote the development of Sites of Particular Scientific Interest ( SSSI ) , as it undermines the tone of the planning policy statement and the planning already r equires the material considerations during the planning application phase ( Woodland Trust, 2004 ) . The Woodland Trust and Ancient Tree Forum requested the remotion of the aforesaid caveate in their 2004 response to PPS 9 proposing it would direct a clearer message about the protection of ancient forest. Decision The mandatory purchase act of 2004 serves to rush up be aftering proceedings and increase determination predictability, subdivision 39 of the act implores be aftering organic structures to keep development in a sustainable form. The effectivity of the mandatory purchase act of 2004 is straight affected by our definition of sustainable development and the precedences of economic, societal and environmental public assistance. The apprehension of sustainable development becomes diluted when applied to the multi-functional environment of suburban town Centres ( Griffiths S. 2008 ) .. Whilst still combative, the in agreement definition of sustainable development provided by UN universe committee on environments is clear in its aim, the more of import issue of what are considered to be acceptable sustainable patterns under planning policy statement should be reviewed with considerations to the responses of be aftering governments and non-governmental administrations. Climate alteration has caught tonss of attending in the political sphere with the most recent acme held in Copenhagen in December 2009, it is surprising so that there is merely one mention to climate alteration in PPS 9 and slightly conspicuous that it is the shortest of all the planning policy statements looking to be a briefly considered topic non built-in to the overall Agenda. The complexness of quantifying the resources provided to society by biodiversity in figures of currency make it a hard rival in for precedence in the political sphere of parliament. However the new system can be seen as a dramatic betterment in turn toing the antecedently vacant model on biodiversity preservation. How to cite Is The Uk Planning System Sustainable Environmental Sciences Essay, Essay examples

Energy Consumption - Carbon Emissions and Economic Growth In Saudi Arab

Question: Discuss the scenario of oil and gas industries in Saudi Arabia. Answer: Introduction The main aim of the essay is to discuss the scenario of oil and gas industries in Saudi Arabia. The author in this essay discusses the prices of the oil and its impact on the economy as well as oil market. The prices of oil were continually increasing due to various reasons such as high demand, low supply, black-marketing by the OPEC countries and scarcity of natural resources. In 2014, the prices of oil collapsed. The main reason was the non cooperation of Saudi Arabia with other OPEC countries. The essay illustrates and discusses the reasons for the fall in the prices of oil and its both long term and short term impact on economy and oil market. The author also discusses the strategies adopted by Saudi Arabia. The survey shows that Saudi Arabia is not being able to influence the market due to small market share (Singleton 2013). The paper discusses the factors and actors of collapse of oil prices and its consequences on the economy. There are various reasons for the fall in the sudden prices of oil. The entire market structure changed due to changes in the prices of oil. The research shows that Saudi Arabia will not be able to win the oil price war is due to the market that it has. The impact of the collapse in oil prices is directly on the jobs and capital expenditure. The paper discusses the investments in new exploration and production projects. The price of oil barrels has reduced to half in less than a year (Arouri and Rault 2012). The countries and the industries that were benefiting from the high price of oil are now facing loss. The companies that were making profit in past years are now cutting the investments in exploration and production of crude oil. Important factors affecting oil price collapse There were mainly four factors that contributed towards the collapse of oil prices. The main reason for collapse of oil prices was changes in the structure and planning of Saudi Arabia in the supply of oil. The reasons for fall in oil prices are explained as follows: Oversupply of oil If the supply of a product is higher than the demand, the price of the product falls in market as there is very less people to purchase the commodity. The suppliers have to reduce the price in order to sell its produce (Baffes et al. 2015). Hence, the price falls. This can be shown in a demand and supply framework as follows: Figure: Market equilibrium for crude oil (Source: Created by author) The above diagram shows that the equilibrium supply is S0. The equilibrium is E0 and the equilibrium price and quantity is P0 and Q0. As the supply of the product increases, the supply curve shifts to its right to S1. Since the demand for the product is same, the price of the product falls to P1 and the quantity increases to Q1. Hence, the above diagram shows how an increase in supply can lead to a fall in price. The total production of crude oil is expected to rise to over 9.35 million barrels per day that is higher than the forecasted production. The piling of stocks of crude oil or oil inventories is increasing day by day. The survey showed that the U.S. commercial crude oils inventories rose by 4.5 million barrels from the previous year. This was the major factor in the decline of prices of crude oil (Basher et al. 2012). Ineffectiveness of OPEC Countries Organization of petroleum exporting countries (OPEC) is a cartel of oil producers that greatly affects the activities of crude oils and its prices. The unwillingness of OPEC countries to cut the production of crude oils was another reason for the fall in the prices o crude oil. The prices of crude oil fell by fifty percent since the decision of organization to cut down the production of crude oils. Venezuela and Algeria the two participating countries of OPEC decided to cut the production to boost the prices of crude oil. Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, the other two participating countries of OPEC refused to cut down the production (Bowler 2015). This led to the increase in the production of crude oil that put a downward pressure on the prices of crude oils for the long term. Strong U.S. Dollar The other reason for fall in prices of oil is strong value of American dollar. The value of American dollar is higher than Euro that leads to appreciation of the exchange rate and fall in the prices of crude oil. Strong value of dollars indicate fall in the value of commodities. The prices of global commodity are expressed in terms of exchange rate and a strong value of dollar has a great impact on the prices of crude oil (Dev 2016). This can be shown in a diagram below: Figure: Appreciation of national currency causes fall in net exports and leads to decline in the price level (Source: Created by author) Decline in demand Decline in demand for crude oils is another reason for fall in the prices of crude oil. The main reason for decline in demand is weakening of the economies of Europe and other developing countries. The vehicles that are produced recently are fuel efficient that requires less fuel in its operation. This is also one of the reasons for the fall in the prices. The supply of oil is continually increasing and the demand is falling that is leading the prices of the oil to fall. China is the worlds largest importer of oil. Devaluation of the currency of china is one of the major factors for the decline in demand of crude oils (Arezki and Blanchard 2014). This can be expressed in a diagram as follows: Figure: Demand supply framework to describe fall in oil prices (Source: created by author) As the demand falls the demand curve shifts to its left. The supply remains the same and hence the price falls from P1 to P2. Hence low demand leads to fall in prices. Iran nuclear deal- Iran nuclear deal is an agreement between Iran and other nuclear countries. The primary motive of the agreement is to reduce the facilities of nuclear activities. The deal removes the restrictions of the western economies to export crude oil that increases the supply of crude oil and decreases the price (Baumeister and Peersman 2013). The prices of crude oil are expected to fall further because of the overproduction of oils by OPEC countries, slowdown of the economy of china and European Union and rise in US shale oil production. Then major factor behind the steep decline in the prices of crude oil was the collusion between Saudi Arabia and United States whose main aim was to reduce the revenues of Iran and Russia (Kilian 2014). Figure: Falling crude oil prices (Source: Samargandi et al. 2014). Short and midterm impact on the oil market Changes in prices of oil is having both long and short term impact on the economy and market for oil. Cut in the oil prices is only beneficial for short term. In long term the economy will face a severe oil crisis due to continuous fall in prices of crude oil. The fall in prices of crude oil is not likely to fall for a long period of time as fall in prices affects the major players of the economy. The main players that is affected due to fall in prices of oil are global investments, oil producing industries and oil producing countries (Griffin and Teece 2016). The global investments and projects of energy sector dropped down by hundred billion dollars due to fall in the prices of oil. Fall in the investments is one of the major impacts of fall in crude oil prices. The second major impact was on the oil industries that are famous globally such as Royal Dutch Shell, Statoil and Chevron. The profits of the major industries declined and also its capacity to investment in new projects. This further led to the decline in the growth of the economy. The loss of all the major companies accounts to 1.3 trillion dollars that combines all the market capitalization of the companies (Nakov and Nuo 2013). The revenues of the oil suppliers are decreasing due to which the unemployment is also increasing. The main impact of fall in prices of oil is on Russia as it is the worlds largest oil producing country. Revenue from exporting energy is main source of capital inflow in the Russia. Decreasing oil prices has reduced the revenues of the export sector of the country. Therefore, it has affected the GDP of the country. It not only affects the economy of Russia but other countries as well such as Saudi Arabia and Venezuela as they are the major importers and exporters of oil. The fall in the prices of oil does not only have a negative impact but also has a positive impact. The demand for the complement goods such as cars rises in the market (Rautava 2013). Figure: Investments and exploration by oil industries (Source: Kaletsky 2015) Fall in prices of crude oil benefits the oil suppliers and manufacturers only in short run. Low oil prices helps in reducing the cost of manufacturing. Low prices reduce the global investments that put an obligation on the companies to reduce its spending. This makes thousands of people redundant and jobless. The importers are in advantage while the exports face loss due to fall in the prices of crude oil (Rautava 2013). The major oil importers such as China, United States and India benefit as they are able to import the oil at low prices. At the end if the fall in the oil price continue then no winners are left. The economy and industries only loose. The prices of Indian Crude oil prices have fallen by fifty seven percent. The fall in the prices of crude oil has not only affected the refining industries in India but also the upstream oil and gas industry in the economy as a whole. The sustained fall in prices of crude oil is beneficial for the Indian economy (Platts.com. 2016). Since India is the major importer of oil fall in the price of crude oil will benefit the economy and derivatives of oil suppliers. The country will be able to save on its imports and even the oil derivatives will benefit such as auto, paint, oil, and aviation industries. The input costs or the costs of productions will also fall for the oil derivative companies as the raw materials is available at lower prices. India is one of the major importers of oil and its accounts for eighty percent of total oil consumption. The current account deficit is narrowed due to decrease in the value of imports. Oil prices affect the prices of other complement goods as well. As the price of crude oil falls the overall prices of goods and services also fall in the economy (Reboredo et al. 2016). Fall in the prices of crude oil led to the rise in the budget deficit of Saudi Arabia. The budget deficit accounted for twenty percent of the nations GDP. The consequence of the rise in budget deficit is that Saudi Arabian countries have started investing in new projects and resources other than oil. The suggestion of the government is to cut the future spending on production and exploration by twenty five percent to balance the budget and reduce the deficit. The debt of the countries is rising due to lower profits that the country is generating (Kilian and Murphy 2014). The revenue of the Gulf oil producers fell by twenty one percent. The major revenue generation of the country depends on the on the oil export revenues. CAPEX is capital expenditure that is the money that is invested by a firm to acquire and upgrade fixed and physical assets such as buildings and equipment for a new business or project. Figure: impact of fall in oil prices on Gulf producers (Source: Forbes.com. 2016) Impact of fall in oil price on country depends on trade pattern of the country. The countries, which has larger share in oil import are benefitted from fall in oil price. Fall in oil price improves the terms of trade of the oil importing countries in short run. On the other hand, the income of net oil exporters decreases due to fall in oil price. Moreover, decline in oil price reduces the cost of production of business due to fall in transportation costs. Fall in production cost influences product price to fall in medium term. Reasons of Saudi Arabias inactiveness in the market The main strategy of Saudi Arabia was to gain the major market share by supplying the oil at lesser price. Saudi Arabia refused to follow the strategy set by OPEC countries. The strategy of OPEC was to share the production with its member countries that was motivated by Iraq and Irans demand for larger quotas to hold future production (Blanchard and Riggi 2013). The policy of cutting down the prices would mean cutting down the production of crude oil. This would lead the OPEC countries to lose the major market share and its rivals gain the benefit. Iran and Iraq are the main political rivals of Saudi Arabia and hence it will not take any actions that will benefit its rivals. Cut in the prices of oil and cut in the production will benefit the rivals which Saudi Arabia will never follow. Then unity of the OPEC countries is getting hampered due to the disapproval of rules and policies set by the organization. In order to avoid further problems Saudi Arabia should follow the policies set by the OPEC organization (Next.ft.com 2016). Moreover, it has been argued by some market analysts that Saudi Arabia has enough reserve of money to spend in the economy. Therefore, decrease in oil price would not affect the country much. It has less incentive to influence oil price. The main motive of Saudi Arabia is capturing oil market. In order to do this country has let the oil price to fall below marginal level to move out potential competitors from the market. Less competitors in the market might help the country to acquire more market share i n long run. Saudi Arabia is a cartel of oil producers. The OPEC countries had decided to cut the production by fifty percent. Saudi Arabia did not agree to it and indulged in oversupplying the product due to which the price for oil rose. The main reason for Saudi Arabia not influencing the market is its small market share. Fall in prices led many new strategies such as CAPEX cuts by IOCs. The countries are engaging in producing more efficient product so that it has less emission of carbon dioxide (Griffin and Teece 2016). Its not only Saudi Arabia that contributes in large [production of oil to OPEC countries but Iraq is the largest producer of oil. International oil companies share the same vision with Iraqs policy to contract the effect and impact of the changes in the oil process on the economy. IOC has signed a deal to recommend the changes in the deals regarding the technical services. The main concern of IOC is on Iraqs policy of overproduction of oil. The main aim of the International oil companies is to keep the costs down where the profit generated from oil production will represent the price of the crude oils in the production sharing contracts (Alshehry and Belloumi 2015). Oil and Natural gas Corporation has decided not to cut CAPEX despite of the fall in the prices of crude oil. The CAPEX activities will result to a fall in the financial services and costs of providing oil. Various oil projects have been cancelled due to fall in the prices of crude oil. Due to cancellation of projects many people have been left jobless across the globe especially in the Gulf courtiers (Kilian and Lee 2014). It is essential for the government of Gulf countries to reduce the unnecessary expenditure in order to cope up with the decline in revenue that is arising due to fall in the prices of crude oil. Excess usage of oil leads to changes in climate that ultimately causes global warming hampering the environment. People are becoming aware of the environment that is pollution free and healthy (Alkhathlan and Javid 2013). Hence, electric vehicles have been developed that reduces the amount of oil consumption. Experts predict the prices of oil to fall further in future to an ever diminishing supply of oil. The main factor that will help in reducing the price of oil is low production of oil by the OPEC countries especially Iran and Saudi Arabia. It is essential to boost the market of China and Europe in order to increase the demand of oil. The invention of shale oil in United States has contributed to a low demand of oil in OPEC countries (Turhan et al. 2013). Conclusion Rise or fall in price of one product influence the whole economy. Saudi Arabia is a key player in oil market. The main reason for the collapse of prices was the strategies adopted by Saudi Arabia. The collapse of price led to change in the marketing strategy of many countries and industries. Continuation of fall in prices of crude oil will damage the global economy as a whole specially to the oil producing industries and the countries engaged in import and export of oil. There were several factors that led the prices of crude oil to collapse. The main reason was the non- cooperation of the Saudi Arabia with OPEC countries and its policies. Fall in prices of crude oil has a long term negative impact on the global economy. The fall in the prices of crude oil has largely affected the Gulf oil nations as the revenue of these countries depends on the exports of oil. References Alkhathlan, K. and Javid, M., 2013. Energy consumption, carbon emissions and economic growth in Saudi Arabia: an aggregate and disaggregate analysis.Energy Policy,62, pp.1525-1532. Alshehry, A.S. and Belloumi, M., 2015. Energy consumption, carbon dioxide emissions and economic growth: The case of Saudi Arabia.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,41, pp.237-247. Arezki, R. and Blanchard, O., 2014. Seven questions about the recent oil price slump.IMFdirect-The IMF Blog. Arouri, M.E.H. and Rault, C., 2012. Oil prices and stock markets in GCC countries: empirical evidence from panel analysis.International Journal of Finance Economics,17(3), pp.242-253. Baffes, J., Kose, M.A., Ohnsorge, F. and Stocker, M., 2015. The great plunge in oil prices: Causes, consequences, and policy responses.Consequences, and Policy Responses (June 2015). Basher, S.A., Haug, A.A. and Sadorsky, P., 2012. Oil prices, exchange rates and emerging stock markets.Energy Economics,34(1), pp.227-240. Baumeister, C. and Peersman, G., 2013. The role of timeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ varying price elasticities in accounting for volatility changes in the crude oil market.Journal of Applied Econometrics,28(7), pp.1087-1109. Blanchard, O.J. and Riggi, M., 2013. Why are the 2000s so different from the 1970s? A structural interpretation of changes in the macroeconomic effects of oil prices.Journal of the European Economic Association,11(5), pp.1032-1052. Bowler, T., 2015. Falling oil prices: Who are the winners and losers.BBC News. Dev, R., 2016. Worlds Oil ScenarioFalling Oil Prices Winners and Losers a Study on top Oil Producing and Consuming Countries.Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research,2(6). Forbes.com. (2016). Forbes Welcome. [online] Available at: https://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/ [Accessed 28 Jul. 2016]. Griffin, J.M. and Teece, D.J., 2016.OPEC behaviour and world oil prices. Routledge. Kaletsky, A., 2015. A new ceiling for oil prices.Project Syndicate. January,14. Kilian, L. and Lee, T.K., 2014. Quantifying the speculative component in the real price of oil: The role of global oil inventories.Journal of International Money and Finance,42, pp.71-87. Kilian, L. and Murphy, D.P., 2014. The role of inventories and speculative trading in the global market for crude oil.Journal of Applied Econometrics,29(3), pp.454-478. Kilian, L., 2014. Oil price shocks: causes and consequences. Nakov, A. and Nuo, G., 2013. Saudi Arabia and the oil market.The Economic Journal,123(573), pp.1333-1362. Next.ft.com. (2016). FT.com. [online] Available at: https://next.ft.com/content/1abc3764-b91f-11e5-bf7e-8a339b6f2164 [Accessed 28 Jul. 2016]. Platts.com. (2016). Iraq, IOCs eye changes in oil contracts to mitigate impact of falling crude - Oil | Platts News Article Story. [online] Available at: https://www.platts.com/latest-news/oil/baghdad/iraq-iocs-eye-changes-in-oil-contracts-to-mitigate-26052472 [Accessed 28 Jul. 2016]. Rautava, J., 2013. oil prices, excess uncertainty and trend growth.Focus on European Economic Integration, (Q4/13), pp.77-87. Reboredo, F.H., Lidon, F., Pessoa, F. and Ramalho, J.C., 2016. The fall of oil prices and the effects on biofuels.Trends in biotechnology,34(1), pp.3-6. Samargandi, N., Fidrmuc, J. and Ghosh, S., 2014. Financial development and economic growth in an oil-rich economy: The case of Saudi Arabia.Economic Modelling,43, pp.267-278. Singleton, K.J., 2013. Investor flows and the 2008 boom/bust in oil prices.Management Science,60(2), pp.300-318. Turhan, I., Hacihasanoglu, E. and Soytas, U., 2013. Oil prices and emerging market exchange rates.Emerging Markets Finance and Trade,49(sup1), pp.21-36.

Computer Architecture Essays - Computer Memory, Digital Electronics

Computer Architecture Computer Architecture 1. There have been a lot of developments in microprocessors since the 286 chip. The 286 CPU are no longer sold and are very rarely found in commercial use today because of its running speed, which is between 10MHz to 20MHz. This processor has a 24-bit address bus, and is able to address up to 16 million different address locations. It also has two operating modes, which are real mode and protected mode. The real mode is basically for normal DOS operations and it uses only 8086 code (8086 was the previous CPU). When it was in protected mode the CPU is able to access beyond the 1mb address limit and employed its added features, which were intended for multi-tasking operations such as Windows, but this CPU is not powerful enough to carry out these multi-tasking operations. The 286 came with a bus width of 16-bit internal, 24-bit address, and 16-bit external, with an external speed of between 6MHz 25MHz, and an internal speed of between 6MHz 25MHz. The next CPU was the 386, this is also no longer produced it had a slightly faster running speeds which are between 16MHz to 40MHz. This CPU could carry out effective multi tasking operations. It also had a substantial improvement in both memory management and it had an enlarged instruction set. It is also the minimum CPU for running windows. It came in two types the 386 SX and the 386 DX. The SX had a 32-bit internal data path but it only had a 16-bit path between the CPU and the computer memory. The DX on the other hand had a 32-bit data bus between the CPU and the memory chips allowing larger data transfers so it had faster through put. It also was able to use external cache memory, usually about 64k, which also improved performance. The 386 came in two different types they both had a internal bus width of 32 bit, the SX had a address bus width of 24 bit, and a external bus width of 16 bit, its internal and external speed was between 16MHz 33MHz. The DX however had an address and external bus width of 32 bit, its internal and external speed was between 33MHz40MHz. The 486 were the next CPU, this is still produced, there was little change to the 386 instruction set, but the 486 ran at speeds between 20MHz to 100MHz. There was more emphasis placed on the enhancements to improve the performance. It was also available in the DX and SX varieties. The difference between them was that the DX had a maths co-processor the SX did not, the Motherboards that used the 486SX chip had a spare maths co-processor socket to upgrade to a DX. The 486 chip because of its design to carry out the most common instructions in a single clock cycle this was a faster than the previous CPUs. It also had 8k of bit in cache memory, the new burst mode it had, allowed memory transfers from consecutive memory locations to be carried out at one clock cycle. The 486 came in four different types they all had a bus width of 32 bit (internal, address, and external), with an external speed of between 20MHz 50MHz. The differences between them were in the internal speeds of the CPU. The SX had an internal speed of between 20MHz 50MHz, the DX had an internal speed of between 25MHz 50MHz, the DX2 had an internal speed of between 50MHz 66MHz. The DX4 had an internal speed of between 100MHz 120MHz, which was actually faster than the bottom of the Pentium range. The Pentium CPU came and is the current entry level standard for computers. This CPU is effectively two that are in the one chip. This then allows two instructions to be executed in parallel, which means it greatly speeds up throughput. It also has the main mathematical operations hard wired into the chip this then means that it can be up to ten times faster than the 486DX maths coprocessor can. All the Pentium models are supercalar. The basic chip has two integer processing pipelines. It also

Aristotles Poetics Essays - Narratology, Plot, Free Essays

Aristotle's Poetics Essays - Narratology, Plot, Free Essays Aristotle's Poetics From POETICS Aristotles Poetics is considered the first work of literary criticism in our tradition. The couple of pages in the book mainly describe tragedy from Aristotles point of view. He defines tragedy as being an imitation of an action that is a whole and complete in itself and of a certain magnitude. Aristotle also points out terms such as catharsis, which can be said that is the purification of ones soul. He argues in his Poetics that catharsis is achieved through emotions of pity or fear, which is created in the audience as they witness the tragedy of a character who suffers unjustly, but is not entirely innocent. Then he moves on to describing the main elements of tragedy. Such elements are: plot, character, language, thought, spectacle, and melody. Then he classifies these in three parts, the media, the manner and the objects. The language and melody constitute the media, in which they effect the imitation. Then there is the spectacle, which is the manner, and the remaining three, the plot, character and thought are the objects that are imitated. Aristotle considers the plot to be the most important of these elements. He describes the plot as not being a unity revolving around one man. Instead, he states that many things happen to one man, which may not always go together, to form a unity. At the same time, he says that among the actions that a character performs there are many that may be irrelevant to one another, but yet they form a unified action. Aristotle continues depicting the plot categorizing it in two manners: simple and complex. In a simple plot, a change of fortune takes place without a reversal or recognition. In contrast, in a complex plot, the change of fortune involves recognition or a reversal or both. To understand these ideas better he defines reversal and recognition for us. Reversal or peripety is a change from one circumstance to its exact opposite. Recognition, is a change from ignorance to knowledge leading either to friendship or hostility depending on whether the character is marked with good fortune or bad. There is a phrase used by Aristotle in Poetics, from the machine, which is basically any implausible way of solving complications of the plot. An example would be when Medea escapes from Corinth. Shes solving her situation by escaping in her magic chariot. This from the machine phrase should be employed only for events external to the drama, which lie beyond the range of human knowledge, and which require to be reported or foretold. Lastly, Aristotle explains the importance of the chorus in a tragedy. According to him, it should be regarded as one of the actors. Therefore, the chorus should be integrated into performance and be considered as part of the whole.

Organizational Analysis on the Army Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Organizational Analysis on the Army - Essay Example This essay will examine the organizational structures of the United States army and examine how these structures have influenced the army’s performance both in the actions it has taken to help maintain America’s freedom and the freedom of citizens around the world. The Army, the land-based component of the American armed services, traces its origins back to the Continental Army that was founded by George Washington in the years before America won its freedom from the British. After fighting as a group in the War of 1812, the Army spent many decades helping to open up the West for American settlers and fighting skirmishes with Natives. The biggest crisis in the history of the Army was probably the American civil war which saw brother turn against brother and huge losses on both the Confederate and Union side. Many of the best generals in the Army, like Robert E. Lee fought on the Confederate side, and after the war a lot of work was required to repair the rift within the Army between the North and South. The Army had big successes, fighting valiantly, in the first and second world wars, and becoming the most powerful army in the world following this second conflict. It was able to fight victorious wars on two fronts. With the invention of the a tomic bomb, American military forces were second to none and the Army was more and more powerful. During the cold war the Army deployed on what were called policing missions—like Korea in the early 1950s—before the next big deployment in the Vietnam War of the 1960s and 70s. This was a difficult war: the Army had trouble adapting to the Viet Cong’s guerrilla tactics.1 The truth was the Army’s organization was not flexible, was too old fashioned to fight these kinds of non-conventional conflicts. There was also a great deal of rivalry between the different services within the Armed Forces. These rivalries created a great deal of problems when trying to prosecute a war in a

Hazards of Aluminium Welding Fumes Research Paper

Hazards of Aluminium Welding Fumes - Research Paper Example The biggest problem is that the diseases do not develop immediately but appear after a few years of exposure. The impact of pollution at the workplace on productivity has been well investigated. Studies on the impact of pollution at work environment in productivity reveal a tendency of reduction in economic activity (Marrewijk, 2005). "Sick Building Syndrome" (SBS) and 'Building related illness' (BRI) gives rise to employee complaints such as headaches, dizziness, disorientation, fatigue, ear, eye and throat irritations. The world demand for high-speed ferries and LNG tanks is being met with an increase in Aluminium welding and casting production. This has introduced a new health hazard to the Aluminium welders and ways are being probed to protect the welders against the Aluminium fumes. In the U.K, the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) regulations stipulates that the occupational exposure limit for Aluminium fume should not exceed 5mgm exp 3 of air. Aluminium fumes during welding also generate quantities of ozone gas, which can cause nausea (Rabin, 1997) and unconsciousness. Welding is a process in which metal or other thermoplastic materials are joined together by the application of heat or pore sure or both. Electric welding was introduced in the 1940s. Aluminium welding has been in prominence since 1970. There are several types of welding like Arc welding and Manual metal arc is a common process where the workers are exposed to the fumes. Carbon arc, Cold welding, Electron beam welding, Flux core arc welding, Gas welding, Gas metal arc welding, Gas tungsten arc welding, Shielded metal arc welding, Plasma arc welding, Laser beam welding are the other welding processes where workers are exposed to metal fumes. The welding workers have a high exposure of metal fumes and the exposure depends on the place, confined space, workshop or open air.  

Tariffs and Non-Tariffs Barriers Research Paper

Tariffs and Non-Tariffs Barriers - Research Paper Example Control of imports is done through tariffs and non-tariffs barriers, which are part of global financing and exchange rates. A tariff is a form of trade barrier imposed on goods imported in that particular country by the government of the same nation in from of a tax (Saranovic, 2006). The tariff imposed, adds to the cost of the imported goods and can be adjusted at any given time. Such adjustments are meant to protect locally manufactured products from unhealthy competition from cheap imports. Tariffs come in two types; ad valorem and specific (Hill, 2004). For the case of specific tax, it is meant to enforce a set barrier in form of tax to a specific imported product without considering the variation in the value. For instance, if a specific tax of 75 cents was imposed on mobile phones in the United Kingdom, then it means that the government will be gaining 75 cents on every mobile phone disregarding the price of the phone. For the case of ad valorem tax, it is imposed inform of fix ed percentage on the value of the imported goods. ... The first form is quotas. Quotas refer to the limitations imposed on the quantity of imports by the government. This means that the government puts a limit to the quantity of particular goods that can enter a country in a given time; they are normally enforced together with the import tax where by if the limit is exceed, then the government will impose higher tax on the same. The second type on non-tariff barrier is voluntary export restriction; this refers to a situation where by the government restrict the quantity of goods being exported to another country. Thirdly, there is anti-dumping barrier. This type is imposed on the commodities that have a harmful effect on the environment and might incur some dumping cost on the consumer. In this case, the goods are sold at slightly higher prices than they would have been sold in the home market (WTO, 2006). Lastly, there is subsidy. It refers to financial aid by the government to the local industries to make it possible for them to compe te favorably with the international companies. In this case, the domestic companies are in a better position to manufacturer their products cheaply with aid of latest technology such that the imported products are out-competed. Due to the analysis of tariffs and non-tariff barriers, it is evident that they have a great bearing in relation to the global financing operations. For instance, in the case of manufacturing operations, the company involved may chose to manufacture from the home country and then export the manufactured goods or manufacture its commodities from the country endowed with raw materials duce to high tax of importation of raw materials. In addition, the company may opt to manufacture the products from the country with the ready market then sell within

Modern Day Technology Overview

Modern Day Technology Overview Misty F. Brown  Ã‚   Consumerization of IT Progresses in cell phone technology, operating frameworks, security, and applications can to a great extent be credited with beginning the movement known as consumerization of IT, or (CoIT). Despite the fact that consumerization is regularly connected with the capacity to use ones by and by possessed cell phone for business utilize, it goes past that to incorporate the utilization of any customer innovation in a business setting. In this manner, the issues that CoIT can convey to the table are more intricate than may show up at first look, however the extent of the pattern empowers plenty of positive business results too (Crook, Hopkins, 2013). Mobile Application Explosion While a few organizations have just started to investigate the business advantages of portable arrangements and in this way may assess best of breed items that address their necessities, organizations advance along the way likely need a thorough versatile arrangement spreading over every one of these territories: versatile application stage, applications, portable undertaking administration, and versatile substance administration arrangements. Furthermore, an answer that is well coordinated and gave by a solitary seller can have the specialized and business benefits favored by these organizations. For instance, a MEAP stage firmly coordinated with existing portable applications permits less demanding and more complex customization of these applications. Additionally, portable applications nearly coordinated with portable venture administration programming frequently permit more hearty versatile security highlights and expository abilities that may not be attainable through point arra ngements from a variety of suppliers. Likewise, clients as often as possible lean toward a solitary merchant connection for more viable reasons like powerful client bolster and speedier resolutions to cross-arrangement specialized issues or required improvements (Crook, Hopkins, 2013). Cloud Computing Since organizations are packed with representatives with capable cell phones and a high level of solace with utilizing them, portable application enablement ventures have begun in sincere. Organizations are hoping to convey not just applications and substance that their claim representatives can use for portable working however remotely confronting applications to accomplices and shoppers too. Distributed computing is an imperative outlook change that helps organizations leave on these portability extends in an all the more auspicious and savvy way. While in the past numerous innovation ventures required costly framework, usage, and preparing costs, distributed computing evacuates these obstructions by advertising the capacity to get up and running quick, with little in advance venture. Despite the fact that there is a time when the expenses between an on-preface and a cloud organization may level out, regularly, cloud models take into consideration speedier time to organization and the capacity to scale over time two vital components for most portability ventures (Crook, Hopkins, 2013). European Airline The aircraft business is very aggressive and cost cognizant; organizations must continuously take a stab at the most noteworthy consumer loyalty or hazard beat to another supplier. Albeit a portion of the issues that cause client dissatisfaction cant generally be kept away from for example, delays because of climate conditions anything an aircraft can do to diminish avoidable issues and keep clients educated is vital. The carrier seen this portability organization as an aggressive differentiator that would permit carrier specialists to give clients more elevated amounts of administration as a key goal. While the aircraft was amped up for the likelihood of empowering its portable specialists with instruments to enhance both their occupations and the client encounter, there were likewise a few genuine concerns. The versatile applications that the specialists would utilize connection to a few of the aircrafts most imperative and touchy frameworks including takeoff control, flight dat a, and traveler data. Worries around unapproved data remained high priority for the organization. While a portion of the potential negative results could simply be minor irritations, the carrier business holds the potential for intense issues also (Crook, Hopkins, 2013). Before revealing the versatility methodology, it was basic that the aircraft found a way to oversee and control the hazard around the gadgets and applications containing this delicate data. The aircraft realized that having a robotized approach to do as such would be exceptionally essential, having taken in the wasteful aspects of manual ways to deal with cell phone whats more, application administration from a past organization. Since it was not yet prepared to make significant capital or staff interests in versatile administration foundation, the organization felt that a SaaS-based versatility arrangement supplier, for example, SAP accomplice VeliQ offered a convincing approach to plunge its toe in the water and after that scale up as required. Today, the carrier utilizes application administration to refresh and deal with the applications on the iPad and gadget administration for resource/arrangement administration, remote wipe/bolt, and approach administration. The sending of por table venture administration programming conveyed all the positive results accomplished by the portability extend, as it was basic to deal with the potential chance if the gadget was lost or stolen or arrived in the wrong hands. This association trusts that its portable application enablement extend controlled by versatile administration and security programming has given better client benefit and fulfillment, higher rates of client maintenance, and expanded income (Crook, Hopkins, 2013). PBS Coals The key test for PBS Coals focused on an underlying portability organization to give continuous access to business-basic investigation, assembling, and deals data from anyplace whenever. In an industry where unsteadiness is the standard, officials need to ensure they have the most up and coming data whenever to make the best choices for the business. This intrinsic instability of the mining business too powers the organization to search for approaches to guarantee costs remain under control (Crook, Hopkins, 2013). At the point when PBS Coals initially started considering its portability system, the choice to assess SAPs offerings in the space was driven by a need to use the same number of back-end frameworks as could be allowed. As the organization experienced the due persistence prepare, it discovered SAP as of now offered bundled iOS applications for a significant number of the business forms it needed to prepare, and different applications PBS Coals required were arranged. Likewise, the capacity to use the SAP Mobile Platform for other custom necessities was essential as was having the capacity to get a cell phone and application administration arrangement from one supplier (Crook, Hopkins, 2013). PBS Coals discovered joining forces with SAP spared time and cash in the following ways: Saved noteworthy improvement exertion by utilizing a few SAP portable bundled applications. Reduced mix time and many-sided quality by utilizing the prescribed procedures of a confided in supplier. Helped the administrators who utilize these applications in their everyday employments feel that they can settle on better choices quicker (Crook, Hopkins, 2013). Verizon Verizon began offering managed versatility game plans in 2008. Meanwhile, Verizon intentionally solidified SAPs item into its client game plan. Verizon first joined together with SAP to use the SAP Afaria course of action; starting now and into the foreseeable future, Verizons answer has stretched out to consolidate SAP Mobile Platform for application progression. Verizon at initially picked SAP therefore of its experience and adaptability. According to Verizon, SAP offers the item convenience and capacities that make up the fundamental bits of its transportability game plan and moreover the cloud-based establishment perspectives that give customers versatile course of action models. SAPs cloud-based techniques enable Verizon to pass on and administer answers for customers with viability especially related to course of action and game plan fortification. Verizon believes the experience and reach of SAP help fortify its managed movability course of action, not simply in light of its value, but furthermore by broadening their customer reach (Crook, Hopkins, 2013). Mobility Paradigm Transportability is a champion among the most troublesome enlisting designs that the endeavor has expected to oversee in a long time. From setting aside the opportunity to assemble a far reaching versatile profile to creating application and security necessities over the organization, making a convenient technique is not a fundamental undertaking. Notwithstanding the numerous choices organizations need to work through in building up a versatile endeavor procedure, the efficiency change alone will rapidly profit ventures. With the unlimited exhibit of specialist co-ops and items in the market, endeavors must set aside the opportunity to comprehend the full extent of their portability needs first or hazard making foolhardy specialty item choices. The items and arrangements an undertaking picks must develop with its needs and supplement inside skills. While each organization must survey how its own necessities adjust to any one merchants items and administrations, the capacity to work w ith one supplier crosswise over a large number of these requirements will be seen by numerous clients as a convincing approach for the long-haul (Crook, Hopkins, 2013). References Crook, S.K. Hopkins, S. (2013). Sap enterprise mobility: bringing a cohesive approach to a complex market [PDF file]. Retrieved from iui course library.

Enron Essay -- essays research papers

Integrative Case – The Downfall of Enron Part I 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ken Lay served as CEO and chairman and Jeffrey Skilling also served as CEO. They both were responsible for planning, organizing, controlling and leading the company. They set goals for the company and organized how they would be achieved. Kay’s role was as the figurehead and the leader. He also served as the spokesperson for the company and made many of the decision on the future of the company. As CEO’s they both possessed effective communication skills, where decisive, which was evidenced by their vision for the company and refusal to admit wrong even at the end, and visionary. Throughout Lay’s tenor the company continued to grow and prosper at a fast pace. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The challenges faced were those of a changing workforce, competitiveness, and globalization, as well as ethics and social responsibility. While many companies were downsizing in the mid-1980s, Enron continued to grow and expand despite their lofty goals. They ventured out into foreign markets to be more competitive. The workforce also became more diverse and the characteristics changed. Employees during Enron’s tenor were less devoted to long-term career prospects; instead they were more interested in financial gain at any cost. Ethics seemed to be a secondary thought for most people during Enron’s time. To meet these challenges Enron executives had to make working for their company more attractive and lucrative. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The contributing factors to their ineffectiveness were poor planning and leadership. The company grew to quickly. In their desire to grow and expand, the company’s senior management did not establish and follow ethical practices that would sustain the company. Controls were not established in key places, such as, accounting practices and principles. Senior management failed to appropriately manage the activities of lower level managers and set a bad example. Part II – The People 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Enron sought out young, ambitious, recent college graduates and placed them in entry-level positions and then gave them the autonomy to make big trade decisions. The few star performers were promoted very quickly. Taking this hiring approach benefited the company because it kept labor costs low due to the employee’s inexperience. It also ... ...y grew and prospered very quickly. Employees were motivated to be creative and come up with the next great idea or innovation to increase revenue. These values also hurt the company because it put constant pressure on employees to achieve and constantly pushed them to excel in order to produce more revenue for the company and advance in the company. This forced employees to use unethical practices. They were often left to use their own devices to achieve the aforementioned results. There were no checks in balances in place with respect to managing subordinates. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Organizations must change in order to meet the needs of the changing workplace, environment, technology, and economy in order to be competitive. Change is good for an organization if it is done in a controlled and structured manner. Change is also risky because it is often met with resistance. For example, people may feel threatened and fear power loses and subsequently, resists the change. Change can also be ineffective if it is narrow and doesn’t concern itself with people and is over determined. In Enron’s case, the organization was constantly changing with no collective rhyme or reason.